Testing And Treatment Of Hiv 1 - 2811 Words

RESULTS: A wide variety of articles were reviewed that adopted a number of different study designs for their research. A number of different experiments were also looked at which demonstrated how resistances to certain HIV-1 anti-retrovirals are arising. As presented in the appendix, this specific section will evaluate the results from many randomized control trials (RCTs), case control studies, prospective cohort studies with and without controls, retrospective cohort studies with and without controls and cross-sectional studies. HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: HIV-1 integrase is one of the key enzymes required for the successful replication of HIV-1 and is often a common therapeutic target to help treat HIV-1 infections. Integrase is a†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"They looked at multiple coding sequences of the HIV-1 integrase enzyme form blood plasma samples of 61 patients. They categorized the main integrase region sequences as subtype B, with minor subtypes being C (CRF01-AE, CRF02-AG and CRF13-cpx), D and G. No major integrase drug resistance mutations have been observed in new patients beginning with integrase inhibitor treatment, however in 30 cases, polymorphic variations with the E157Q mutation were observed. This mutation was more common among subtype B (26 cases) than with non-B subtypes (5 cases). Major integrase inhibitor drug resistance mutations (G140S, Q148H, N155H, V151I, E92EQ, V151I, G163R) were notable in four of these cases. Time to the development of drug resistance ranged from 3 to 16 months with a mean increa se of HIV viral load of 4.34 HIV-RNA copies/ml at the time of emergence of the major mutations.† (11) Figure 1 demonstrates four cases in which resistance to integrase inhibitors were observed. In a study conducted by Piralla et al., HIV-1 integrase variability was analyzed using stored plasma samples from 95 patients infected with HIV-1, within a one year period from 2008 to 2009. Patients with no available plasma samples or viral load less than 1,000 HIV-RNA copies/ml plasma were excluded from the analysis. Their results demonstrate that primary mutations associated with resistance to integrase inhibitors were not detected in patients that have previously been treated with integrase

Steve Jobs Led A Revolution - 1544 Words

Steve Jobs led a revolution not only in technology, but in the history of the world, and the determination of the future as well. When Jobs was in his garage with Steve Wozniak about to create the first Apple computer, they had no idea that they would later own one of the biggest and wealthiest companies in the world, and also revolutionize technology and set a precedent for future technology innovators such as themselves. The Apple I, which was Apple s first product, was sold as an assembled circuit board and lacked the basic features that all Apple products have today such as a keyboard, monitor, and case. The Apple I was first introduced to the public at The Homebrew Computer Club. Half of all U.S. households own at least one Apple product, according to CNBC’s All-America Economic survey. Jobs later became known as a â€Å"master of innovation† because of his strong innovations in technology. Without him, the world would be much farther behind than it currently is. W hen the Apple I entered the public market in July of 1976, a new chapter of the world began. The legacy that Jobs left will remain growing and never end. The revolution and empire that Jobs created was incredible. Jobs was kicked from Apple in the early years do to infighting of the company. Steve them founded team Macintosh, while Wozniak was the leader of team Lisa, both in a head to head race of who will create the first computer. While team Lisa made it to the finish line first, sales of the Apple Lisa wereShow MoreRelatedPublic Speaking Outline - Steve Jobs1336 Words   |  6 Pageswatching Netflix. It’s hard to deny the influence and impact that Steve Jobs has had on modern culture. B. Reason to Listen: My name is Eduardo Salazar and like many of you I too can’t live without technology and though my personal devices haven’t always been Apple products. More often than not if the device I was using wasn’t an apple product it was inspired by an apple device. C. 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Childrens Crying Patterns Clinical Assessment Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(184) " group 3 patient with occlusal dentinal cavities with moderate deepnesss were selected for category I cavity readying with air rotor and the call was recorded during the pit readying\." Abstraction: Materials and Methods: Children in the age group 4-9 old ages were divided into Group1: ( 40 kids ) and Group 2: ( 60 kids ) and their calls were recorded utilizing a picture camera. Different calls analyzed were frightened, hurting, obstinate, manipulative and boredom call on the footing of their description in the literature. Group I was subjected to detailed clinical scrutiny and Group II to assorted dental processs. We will write a custom essay sample on Childrens Crying Patterns Clinical Assessment Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequences: The most normally observed call was pain call. Pain call was largely associated with dento-alveolar abscess. With regard to dental processs, pain call was normally associated with usage of inject able AIDSs, frightened call and compensatory call with the usage of alveolar consonant drill. Decision: Cries could be agencies of communicating and plus in clinical diagnosing. Cardinal words: hurting call, frightened call, compensatory call, stubborn call, ennui call, manipulative call. Introduction: – Since birth, the babes have a communicative purpose and the call is the chief manner they use to show their demands and feelings to their health professionals ( 6 ) . Harmonizing to Adler the first call represents an â€Å" overpowering sense of lower status at therefore all of a sudden being confronted by world without of all time holding had to cover with its jobs. â€Å" ( 1 ) this feeling at least serves a utile map in air outing lungs. Another psychologist wrote that shouting at birth represents the baby ‘s loss of Eden ( 2 ) . Shouting, like other emotional manifestations of human behaviour is an look of personality of an person. Crying is apt to be the consequence of struggle with the developing self-importance and with his freshly found involvements. Many cryings are the consequence of injuring kid ‘s pride. After the age of one and a half kid develops a assortment of frights and calls for the security of his female parent ‘s company. In the instance of a younger kid, the frequence of shouting depends on his personality. Excessive weeping is about ever due to mismanagement, in the signifier of failure to give the kid the love and the security which he needs and failure to let him to larn independency and pattern his freshly found accomplishments. It is increased by changeless interference-by perfectionism, inordinate subject, domination and efforts to ‘train him before he is really ready ( 3 ) . It is increased by insecurity, whatever the cause. It is increased by crossness and wearines s. Factors which govern the sum of shouting include the female parent ‘s personality and her reactivity to his demands and kid ‘s personality and his finding to command his environment. Treating a weeping kid is one of the most nerve-racking state of affairss encountered in dental medicine. Previous plants have demonstrated that using signal processing techniques to analyse the sound of these calls, its possible determinate which features carry information about the context that evoked the call ( 4 ) . Since kids exhibit diverseness of behaviours, it is of import that tooth doctors have a broad scope of behavior direction methods to run into the demands of the single kid ( 5 ) . For that purpose a diagnosing is needed. Since weeping is a manner of look of the personality traits, the weeping should be used as an plus in diagnosing. Following types of calls are normally encountered in the dental office. Pain call: This call begins all of a sudden nonstop and unmanageable and is high-pitched and shrill. The call is loud and long Frightened call: This call is characterized by a crisp shrilled highly high pitched call followed by little breath catching shortness of breath followed by a crisp shrilled highly high pitched call Obstinate call: it is loud high pitched amp ; characterized as a Siren like lament, a intermission and repeated over and over once more. This forms a combatant call, represents the child external response to anxiety.child throws a pique fit to queer dental intervention. Compensatory call: Slow humdrum call, the shouting serves to â€Å" counterbalance † for the noise.its sort of get bying mechanism to unpleasant stimulations. Manipulative call: a characteristic characteristic of kids, they cry for understanding and acquire off by shouting and whining. Boredom call: a call that is fretful and whimpering ; sometimes it about sounds like a moanThis call Michigans suddenly when the intervention Michigans. In a dental clinic a kid may non merely cry out of fright, but out of true hurting, anxiousness or he may shout merely to acquire off with the intervention, in this survey we evaluated the call of the kid patients and carbon monoxide related it to their clinical diagnosing and the usage of dental instruments. Materials and methods: This survey was planned in the section of Pedodontics and preventative dental medicine. The survey was carried out in two parts in two groups of kids. Children under both the groups were in the age group of 5 to 9 old ages. Group I included 40 kids with no old dental experience and were selected from the patients who came for their first dental visit. For the group II 60 kids were selected and divided into six sub groups of 10 each.children of this group were selected based on their intervention demands and divided into bomber groups which were based on processs undertaken, viz. injection of local anaesthesia, usage of alveolar consonant drill, crisp instruments, root canal instruments, doing of I.O.P.A and drawn-out assignments. Consent was obtained from patient ‘s parents or defender of both the groups, along with brief medical and dental history of the patient. GROUP I: -Thorough clinical scrutiny was done and the diagnosing was made.patients call was recorded during the scrutiny and was so co-related to the diagnosing obtained. GROUP II: -for the bomber group 1, kids necessitating either extraction or endodontic intervention of lower primary molar/s were injected inferior alveolar block and the call was recorded during disposal. For the bomber group 2 call was recorded during the mush ablation and filing of the root canals of deciduous grinders. For the bomber group 3 patient with occlusal dentinal cavities with moderate deepnesss were selected for category I cavity readying with air rotor and the call was recorded during the pit readying. You read "Childrens Crying Patterns Clinical Assessment Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" for the bomber group 4 call was recorded during the usage of crisp instruments like excavators during cavities digging, usage of forceps during extraction and the usage of scalers during unwritten prophylaxis.sub group 5 included patients necessitating preoperative diagnostic I.O.P.A for posterior dentitions and the call was recorded during the exposure.sub g roup 6 included the process of anterior composite rosin Restoration ( no tooth readying ) of at least 2-4 dentitions carried out in individual assignment which lasted for minimal 1 hour.cry was recorded during the assignment. Each call recorded with audio ocular camera.cry was evaluated and classified into any of the six types mentioned antecedently, by an expert. Consequences GROUP I: – Postpone A ) Type of call N ( % ) Pain call 17 ( 45.0 % ) Frightened call 15 ( 37.5 % ) Obstinate call 06 ( 15.0 % ) Compensatory call 00 ( 0.0 % ) Manipulative call 00 ( 0.0 % ) Boredom call 02 ( 2.5 % ) entire 40 ( 100 % ) Table B ) call cavities Chronic pulpitis Dento-alveolar abscess Periapical abscess Traumatic hurt Apical periodontal disease others Everyday check-up entire hurting 3 4 5 3 – 2 – – 17 frightened 3 3 2 1 1 – 1 4 15 obstinate 2 2 – – – – 1 1 06 compensatory – – – – – – – – 00 manipulative – – – – – – – – 00 ennui 2 – – – – – – – 02 entire 10 09 07 04 01 02 02 05 40 GROUP II Postpone A ) call injections Endodontic instruments Dental drill Crisp instruments Drawn-out assignments radiogram Sum ; hurting 3 3 2 4 1 3 16 frightened 6 3 3 2 – 5 19 obstinate 1 1 2 – 1 2 07 compensatory – – 3 1 2 – 06 manipulative – 2 – 1 3 – 06 ennui – 1 – 2 3 – 06 entire 10 10 10 10 10 10 60 GROUP I Postpone A ) : -out of 40 kids examined most often recorded call was pain call ( 45 % ) , followed by scared call, stubborn call and ennui cry.manipulative and compensatory call was non observed during initial scrutiny. Table B ) : -out of 40 kids examined, 10 kids were enduring from dental caries.most normally observed call in relation to dental cavities was hurting and frightened ( three kids each ) .nine kids were diagnosed with chronic irreversible pulpitis with the head complain tooth.this pathosis was most normally associated with hurting call ( four kids ) .dentoalveolar abscess was diagnosed in seven kids out of forty.majority of these kids ( five ) had pain cry.four kids were diagnosed with periapical abscess and out of them three kids had hurting cry.one kid with traumatic hurt had frightened cry.two instances of apical periodontal disease were diagnosed and both of them were related to trouble cry.other alveolar consonant jobs were associated with scared and stubborn cry.routine dental cheque ups were largely associated with scared call. GROUP II Table B ) : -out of 60 kids examined most normally observed call was frightened call, followed by hurting cry.out of 10 kids subjected to injections, bulk ( six kids ) cried out of fear.out of 10 kids subjected to endodontic instrumentality, most of the kids cried out of fright and hurting ( three each ) , in the group of 10 subjected to utilize of alveolar consonant drill compensatory and frightened call was observed upper limit ( three each ) .hand instrumentality was largely associated with hurting cry.lengthy assignments was largely associated with ennui and manipulative call. Discussion: – The most normally ascertained call during the initial scrutiny was hurting or ache call accounting for 45 % .this was expected because most of the patients were brought to the section with the main complain of hurting. Following normally observed call was frightened call. Studies suggest a multifactorial etiology of dental fright and anxiousness ( 7 ) . Associated factors are related to a kid ‘s fear temperament, negative emotions, hurting sensitiveness, and get bying manner, with the later being related to parental attitudes, negative information, and painful experiences ( 8,9 ) .although we selected patients with no old dental experience, yet parent ‘s old dental experience was non taken into history. Obstinate call was characteristically observed in kids exhibiting pique fits. Temper fits were normally observed in active, determined kids with abundant energy and non in placid, easy-going chidren.in kernel fits represent the clang of the kid ‘s developing personal ity with the will of his parents. His increasing desire to demo his powers, to derive attending and to hold his ain manner gets him into problem, peculiarly when his parents are perfectionists and of tyrannizing type ( 10 ) . Boredom call was the consequence of long waiting period patient had to face before the initial scrutiny because of the inaccessibility of the physician. With regard to the diagnosing, dental abscess was most normally associated with hurting call. Because of the age group selected that is 4-9 year, most of the abscesses encountered were dento-alveolar abscesses associated with deciduous grinders. Out of 40 kids examined we encountered merely 4 periapical abscess, out of which 3 were associated with hurting call. Thus writer feels that periapical abscess excessively is every bit strongly associated with hurting call. Dental cavities and its association with call is variable, scared and pain call were every bit related to cavities every bit Wellss as obstinate call was besides recorded in the patient enduring from the dental caries.Pain is natural in deep cavities nearing mush. Reason for the fright in the kid with the dental cavities is chiefly because of the invasive intervention that would be undertaken for the remedy of the caries.Obstinate call could be due to feeling of insecurity where the kid considers the dental visit as a pena lty instead than a need.cry in a kid who had Ellis category II break was evaluated as scared call. Breath catching shortness of breath, the feature of scared call are seen n he kids when they experience pain as from a autumn or knock or fright. Apical periodontal disease was associated with hurting call as the hurting was produced on even on soft tapping of the dentitions with instrument handle.cry related to routine look into up and every bit good as other jobs like enamel stains ‘ and hypoplasia, orthodontic malalignment and malocclusions were chiefly of scared type. This could be attributed to dental phobia.one patient who had come for everyday alveolar consonant look into up exhibited obstinate call and threw temper fits. The kid was accompanied by female parent who was over protective and over indulgent sort. Often the inordinate intervention with the kid ‘s normal chases by the parent ( female parent ) because of perfectionism is met by rebellion. Temper fit is the best defence reaction against such a repression. A barbarous circle is set up, the opposition being met with more repression and the repression by more opposition ( 11,12 ) . Another kid with minor crowding in anterior dentitions exhibited obstinate call which could be attributed to personality trait. Most normally ascertained call in kids enduring from chronic pulpitis was hurting call followed by scared call and obstinate call severally. Dull longstanding hurting is frequently associated with chronic pulpitis which is exaggerated on examining for the deepness of the lesion. Fear once more could be attributed to dental phobic disorder or the fright of the invasive intervention that would be coming up. With regard to the usage of dental instruments, injection of local anaesthesia was most normally associated with scared call. Based on invasiveness of the intervention, processs can be ranged and the strongest frights are caused due to injection, followed by the drill and the remotion of the concretion. ( 13 ) hurting call was besides observed during injections. Pain is natural when acerate leaf penetrates the mucous membrane ( 14 ) .obstinate call during the injection could be because, the kid considers injection as a penalty to him. Use of endodontic instruments viz. barbed broochs for ablation of the mush, followed by K files for canal expansion, was normally associated with scared and pain call. Pain was felt even after the disposal of local anaesthesia in some instances, in such instances intra pulpal anaesthesia was given after entering of the call. Fear was attributed to the sight of broochs and files as they resemble to little acerate leafs. Boredom call was besides associate d in some instances with the usage of endodontic instruments because it was a drawn-out process. Dental drill is one of the most normally feared objects and hence it was normally associated with scared call. Another call normally associated with the usage of alveolar consonant drill was compensatory call. This could be attributed to annoyed kids ‘s effort to get the better of the noise and the pandemonium. Pain during boring could be attributed to dentinal sensitiveness and hence it produced hurting call ( 15 ) .cry recorded during usage of crisp instruments viz. scalers, forceps and excavators was largely related to trouble followed by fright. Most of the kids were scared of forceps and objected its usage.hand digging was more normally associated with hurting call and in some instances, although there was no hurting, but yet the process was clip devouring so the kids got fatigued and this resulted in ennui and manipulative call. Compensatory call during this process could bes ides be attributed to the kid ‘s effort to get the better of the unpleasant, clip devouring dental state of affairs. Anterior Restorations were largely related to manipulative and boredom calls because this process was clip consuming, doing the kids tired, fatigued and ungratified. Pain during this process observed in one instance could be reasoned as jaw hurting since the kid had to maintain oral cavity unfastened for a long period. Frightened and stubborn call was less ascertained may be because kids were already conditioned since cavities digging was already completed and they knew that â€Å" now teeth were merely to be filled! â€Å" While doing radiograms, most normally observed call was frightened call as kids were dying about the full exposure unit, particularly the cone. Pain call could be attributed to discomfort during the arrangement of films.obstinate call is more related to personality trait of the kid. 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Happee Uai Essay Example For Students

Happee Uai Essay A UAI Study on Colgate Toothpaste Submitted by: Coyiuto, Rosalina De Leon, Jhoanna Andrea E. Sy, Dana Iriza K. Uy, Dana Clarisse Yu, Shereene Submitted to: Mr. B. Encarnacion April 6, 2010 I. Background Happee Toothpaste is manufactured by a Filipino company, Lamoiyan Corporation. Lamoiyan specializes in oral care products such as Happee and Kutitap toothpaste and house care products like Daze. The owner of Lamoiyan, Dr. Celio Kwok Pedro used to own a company called Dr. Pedro’s Aluminum Containers, Inc. This company stood as a major supplier of aluminum collapsible toothpaste tubes to companies like Colgate-Palmolive and Procter and Gamble. Although in 1985, these companies started using plastic laminated tubes causing Dr. Pedro to close down the factory. He eventually realized that the equipment in the factory can still be used if he makes his very own toothpaste brand. He was able to penetrate into the toothpaste market two years later as he reopened the factory and named it Lamoiyan Corporation. Lamoiyan’s product Happee now have a variety of products that will cater to the consumer’s needs and tastes including – Happee Fresh Cool White, Happee Explosive Menthol Red, Happee Fresh Green Outburst, Happee Outrageous Orange Blast, Happee Complete Plus Whitening, Happee Tweens Sachet, Happee Kiddie Toothgel, Happee Night Mint, Happee Extreme Clean. Every toothgels has maximum fluoride protection that will fight tooth decay, strengthens teeth and freshens breath. There can be several pricing strategies that can help the company in improving its profits. Some of these include list price, competitive pricing, cost plus mark-up, close out, membership or trade discounting, and bundling and quantity discounts. Happee uses the strategy of competitive pricing in which, they use the competitors’ retail or wholesale prices as a benchmark in making their own prices. The prices they make can be below, above or the same as some brands depending on their positions in the market. For example, Happee and Beam have the same price which is 56. 75 in their 150mL green toothgel toothpaste while Colgate’s price for the same size is 67. 5 Php Table 1 – Different Brands and Prices of a 150ml Toothpaste |Toothpaste Brand |Price | |Hapee Fresh Green Outburst |Php 56. 75 | |Beam Sparkling Green |Php 56. 75 | |Colgate Green Menthol |Php 67. 75 | |Newtex |Php 27. 25 | |Charmee |Php 21. 5 | |Those Days |Php 13. 25 | |Sisters |Php 23. 25 | |My Best Friend |Php 15. 75 | Source: Robinson’s Place Manila Lamoiyan distributes its products well by passing it on to agents (middlemen between manufacturers and wholesalers/distributors), wholesalers, distributors, retailers, or even directly to the consumers. The product then moves from the distributors and wholesalers to the retailers, which include groceries, drugstores, department stores, convenience stores and some sari-sari stores. These are very important steps to make sure that the all consumers will be in the reach of the product. In groceries, Happee is usually placed in the personal care section together with all the other products in the same category. Happee has several advertising methods that include magazine and newspaper prints, television and radio advertisements. It is currently being endorsed by actress/singer Lea Salonga, best known for her musical role in Miss Saigon. Another endorser is the famous singer and actress Sarah Geronimo whose rise to fame started from winning the Star for the Night competition back in 2002. Other sales promotion methods include handing out samples, sponsoring events, having twin sachets, popular cartoon characters on the boxes and bundling together with other personal care products. Promotions are used in terms of product awareness so the consumers are exposed to TV commercials, radio advertisements, billboards and the like. There are many brands of toothpaste in the market and these methods are very important for the company to gain user preference and more consumers. Physical Fitness (557 words) EssayAlso, because of the advertisements that are constantly being promoted in televisions, newspapers, radios, magazines and other ads, people have already implanted in their minds that toothpaste is there to prevent us from having bad breath and cavities. Type of Toothpaste being Used | |Type of Toothpaste Used | |For Whitening |47 | |For Fresh Breath |54 | |For Sensitive Teeth |14 | |For Cavity Protection |39 | |Others |2 | Place of Distribution Brand |Last Bought |Bought most often | |supermarket |66 |57 | |drugstore |5 |8 | |convenience store |8 |11 | |department store |5 |1 | |sari-sari store |16 |24 | Supermarkets acquired the most number of people where they buy their toothpaste. We cannot hide the fact that a lot of supermarkets are built around the Metro that is why most service workers just go there to buy their basic necessities. From the area we have surveyed, a lot of supermarkets are present in their area for their convenience. Some of t hese are Savemore, Puregold, SM Supermarkets and even Landmark. Other Products bought with Toothpaste Mouthwash |24% | |Toothbrush |72% | |Shampoo |5% | |Soap |10% | |Lotion |1% | |Floss |4% | Based from the tabulated results, most service workers do not often buy other products along with toothpaste besides the basic one—toothbrush. It might be because they do not have the excess amount of money with them to buy other products other than the toothbrush. Mouthwash garnered 21%, which means that people are still concern in killing those bacteria they might have gotten. Other toiletries such as shampoo, soap and lotion are sometimes bought with toothpaste because they can be found near the place where oral care products can be bought. Other Toothpaste Users |Father |45 | |Mother |57 | |Sister |70 | | Brother |64 | |Roomate |2 | |Wife |1 | |Others |41 | Preferred Product Attributes |Good Quality |40 | |Cheap |54 | |Gives Fresh Breath |17 | |Prevents Cavities |13 | Protects gums and teeth |9 | |Whitens teeth |8 | |Appealing Flavors |10 | Since the category we have surveyed are purely household helpers, price would be always considered first. Since they do not earn that large enough of money, they would always take in to consideration the price first (if they can afford it or not). Next would be the good quality of the product. To have loyal customers for your product, the company must always provide good qualities from their product. PROFILE POSITIONING ANAYLSIS TREE N. O. S MARKET SEGMENTS CONCLUSION IMPLICATION RECOMMENDATION

Report of Experiences in Assessments in Matoska International School

Introduction At Matoska International School, assessment is one of the key elements of the teaching and learning process. Assessment is concerned with the gathering of valuable feedback from student in term of what the student know, what the students feel and what the students are able to do at various stages of the teaching learning process in response to what they have learned.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Report of Experiences in Assessments in Matoska International School specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The school has multi faceted assessment criteria that aim at evaluating different types of learning such as skills, knowledge and attitudes. It also means that students are an integral part of the assessment process and that the students are encouraged to develop critical thinking as well as a self evaluation mentality. Assessment at Matoska International School is not only for the purpose of gatherin g information for the sake of enriching the teaching and learning process but is intended to aid in the development of students’ learning and learned abilities. As such it is an ongoing process that also involves the environment, the community as well as the student’s family members. The student is continuously informed of the assessment criteria and adequately prepared before any assessment test is administered (Matoska n.d). Assessment is therefore a continuous process of varied activities intended to develop the student and involves various parties such as the parent community, and the family members while the student is the central figure in the entire process. Assessment methods At Matoska, teaching and learning is multifaceted and as such the assessment criteria is modeled along the Bloom concept of learning domains. It evaluates various aspects of learning such as knowledge skills and attitudes. Knowledge learned is assessed through summative tests at the end of every learning unit. The learner is required to define, describe, knows, lists, or recall knowledge learned. The learner is also expected to show the ability to analyze knowledge learned. Assessment also tests the learner’s attitudes. This involves testing whether the learner’s skills, concept and beliefs have been affected by what has been learned. As such the learner will be observed to identify how he/she cooperates, influences, questions and internalizes learned values. Furthermore, assessment is also intended to evaluate the learners ‘doing’ abilities. This includes testing the learner fro creating, constructing, composing designing and such other physical abilities. Assessment involves both qualitative and quantitative evaluation.Advertising Looking for term paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Quantitative assessment involves awarding of numerical score or grades while qualitat ive assessment appeals to a teachers emotion and responses such as good, satisfactory, excellent are involved. Qualitative assessment is used in assessing both written and unwritten tests. Furthermore, assessment also tests a learners psychomotor skills; the ability of the students to do what they have learned in class. Therefore, the assessment at Matoska involves a variety of methods (Matoska n.d). To begin with the teachers use the paper pencil methods. This involves written response where students will write tests that may either involve multiple choices, short answers or essays. Written assessment is done both as a continuous measurement method of a student learning. Therefore it is achieved through writing daily class room assignment as well as the end of every learning unit or semesters exams. Non paper and pencil assessment involves unwritten evaluation such oral tests and manual task. A student is required to give oral responses to questions as well as completing manual tas ks such as simple laboratory experiments while following simple procedures. Unwritten assessment is also part of co curricula activities such as debating, group discussions, music, as well as sports and physical education. The teacher will also observe the student developmental needs in communication skills, interpersonal skills and the way the student relates to the environment around them (Gredler1999). The purpose of assessment The methods mentioned above are student centered and as such the main purpose of using them is to make the student be part of teaching learning process. Thus the student becomes an active participant in the learning process. Students are encouraged to develop self evaluation mechanism and as such they reflect on what they have learned. They are therefore become aware of their own personal academic progress and as such the student will make self directed effort to improve their grade (Matsoka, n.d; Badders, 2000). The tools mentioned above are also very use ful in gathering information about the teaching learning process. This information is valuable as it will inform the teaching methods applied to the whole class in general as well as for specific learners. Diagnostic tests help the teacher to understand the student entry level knowledge and learning needs. Assessment is also part of the professional teacher’s duty. At Matoska, teachers are supposed to administer tests and examinations at predetermined times in fulfillment of their professional duties. Such include Minnesota Comprehensive Assessment, administered every spring to students to grades 3 to 5 (Matoska n.d.).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Report of Experiences in Assessments in Matoska International School specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Assessment generates valuable information As mentioned earlier, the methods of assessment are used to generate valuable information about the entire tea ching and learning process. The tools for assessment thus have been able to yield valuable information to the teacher as follows. Over a given period of learning a student takes a series of tests of which an average score is calculated. Continuous tests measures learning abilities on given topics. These tests are used by the teacher as to gauge the student’s immediate needs per topic which are addressed before progress to the next topic. Therefore the tests help in gathering information about a student’s continuous progress and needs. The averaging of tests scored is very useful in giving an accurate measure of a student’s academic performance over a given period of time, such a school semester. The series of assessment test a variety of knowledge, skills and talents. This reveals students’ strength, weaknesses and development needs (Marzano 2006). The assessment has also been very valuable in yielding information on teaching methods that will aid a stude nt’s improved learning. It is through assessment that teachers identify weak areas and thus have to vary teaching methods to address those areas (Matoska n.d.). If students score poorly in communication skills or have poor written skills, the teacher will vary the teaching methods, to incorporate teaching communication, both verbal and written. Rating assessment methods The assessment methods applicable at Matoska have been rated very highly and proved satisfactory. The purposes of using these particular methods have had a very significant impact on the curriculum at Matoska International School. These methods are very valid as have allowed students to exhibit what they know and are able to do. Such assessment includes writing down grammatically correct sentences, ability to identify herbivore from carnivores among other activities. The scores for these assessments are recorded, analyzed and used for future reference as well as improving the learning process at the school. Th e assessments are reliably useful as they can be applied to all students at all time not only in Matoska but in other schools in the district. These assessments have been able to produce similar results if applied to various schools and students at different times. They also produce data reliable data that that accurately reflects individual student’s knowledge, attitudes and skills learned.Advertising Looking for term paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Assessment methods are also upgraded periodically to reflect the current thinking in classroom assessment. Furthermore, the methods have been structured in such a way that they address the time available. This reflects the efficiency of the methods in use (Badders 2000). Insight and problems encountered The assessment process has yielded useful insights. Credible assessment is an interactive process between teaching and the learning process where the student is the central figures in the whole process. It therefore means that communication is valuable in the whole process as goals and intentions have to be clearly communicated to the student. To facilitate this mean that the relationship between the student and teacher has to be right for any effective communication to occur. Traditional assessment only involved the teacher as the only one who would develop assessment tools. However modern methods are also encouraging the student to do a self evaluation that will help in student dir ected studying. There are also some problems encountered in using the assessment methods identified in this essay. Assessment is a much more complicated affair especially when it comes to qualitative assessment. The use of adjective such a s good, excellent and such other words that express the quality of learning do not have a universal application because of their subjective nature. What is satisfactory performance to one student may be poor performance from another. Therefore qualitative assessment becomes difficult when assessing student with varying abilities using the same criteria (Black Dylan, 1998). Conclusion Teaching, learning and assessment have symbiotic relationship. Teaching and learning are directed towards assessment while assessment is directed towards further learning which may result in further assessment. As such none can exist without the other. Traditional assessment was content oriented but with changes in the education system, a more student approach has be en adopted. This has resulted in better assessment methods being adopted which have lead to improvement of educational standards. Matoska International School values assessment as an integral part of its teaching and learning process. It is also student centered and as such other than assessing knowledge, the student’s attitudes and physical abilities are also part of assessment the intention of which is to produce an all rounded individual. Reference List Badders, W. ( 2000). Methods of assessment. Web. Black, P., Wiliam, D. (1998). Assessment and classroom learning. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy Practice5 (1). Web. Gredler, M. (1999). Classroom assessment and learning. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. Marzano, R. (2006). Classroom assessment and grading that work. Virginia: ASCD. Matoska International PYP assessment policy. Web. This term paper on Report of Experiences in Assessments in Matoska International School was written and submitted by user Sage Durham to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Principals Vision

To support an environment that recognizes the potential of all students to excel emotionally, academically and physically in order to become responsible and productive citizens in a multicultural society. That is the mission statement for Nansemond River High School in Suffolk Virginia. A lot of things are to be taken in to account when developing and implementing a mission statement. I picked this schools’ mission statement, because I thought it was well written. There were three steps that were taken to develop this mission statement. The first step was to organize a steering committee of five to ten people who represented various branches of the school community. The next step was to collect information on the things people wanted to continue and the things people wanted to change. Also things that were currently occurring in the school were included in step two. The last step was to reconcile those areas where there are opposing views. Develop a more refined draft to be presented to and discussed with all groups in the school community. After the principal took all of this into consideration he shared with me the actual day that he and his staff developed the mission statement: We had a half-day conference day. Having collected some examples of mission statements, we gave them to people ahead of time so they could get an idea of what we would be doing. When we assembled in the library (whole middle school staff) an overhead was used to look at some examples. We discussed the different types, such as one line or more complex. We also looked at the sorts of things that were important and then brainstormed the things we thought were important for our middle school. The faculty was divided into groups of two. Each group wrote a mission statement. Groups of two were then combined into groups of four. This group came to consensus on one statement. This was repeated, with groups joining until there was only one left. As... Free Essays on Principal's Vision Free Essays on Principal's Vision To support an environment that recognizes the potential of all students to excel emotionally, academically and physically in order to become responsible and productive citizens in a multicultural society. That is the mission statement for Nansemond River High School in Suffolk Virginia. A lot of things are to be taken in to account when developing and implementing a mission statement. I picked this schools’ mission statement, because I thought it was well written. There were three steps that were taken to develop this mission statement. The first step was to organize a steering committee of five to ten people who represented various branches of the school community. The next step was to collect information on the things people wanted to continue and the things people wanted to change. Also things that were currently occurring in the school were included in step two. The last step was to reconcile those areas where there are opposing views. Develop a more refined draft to be presented to and discussed with all groups in the school community. After the principal took all of this into consideration he shared with me the actual day that he and his staff developed the mission statement: We had a half-day conference day. Having collected some examples of mission statements, we gave them to people ahead of time so they could get an idea of what we would be doing. When we assembled in the library (whole middle school staff) an overhead was used to look at some examples. We discussed the different types, such as one line or more complex. We also looked at the sorts of things that were important and then brainstormed the things we thought were important for our middle school. The faculty was divided into groups of two. Each group wrote a mission statement. Groups of two were then combined into groups of four. This group came to consensus on one statement. This was repeated, with groups joining until there was only one left. As...

Create a counseling theory that is compatible with a Christian Essay

Create a counseling theory that is compatible with a Christian Worldview - Essay Example The human quest for knowledge has at times placed reason and science at odds with theology and faith. Of course, this conflict is ultimately illusory, as all truth is God’s truth. But that hasn’t prevented champions from both side from sparring with each other. The most cited instance of this phenomenon was the dispute between Galileo and the medieval Catholic church. The Italian scientist was right, as even the Roman pontiff has admitted in recent years. That was hardly the last round in the centuries-long controversy, however. The nineteenth century was a time of both great discovery and tremendous turmoil. Charles Darwin turned the world upside down with the publication of his volumes The Origin of Species and Descent of Man. The higher critics in Germany questioned the veracity of Scripture. Across Christendom, the fundamentals of the faith seemed to be crumbling under the ferocity of an all-out intellectual assault. The new discipline known as psychology wasn’t exempt from this battle. Sigmund Freud pioneered the study of human personality and the causes of mental illness. While much of his writings reveal keen insights into human nature, their overall theme was stridently materialistic. As the century developed other theorists such as Jung constructed their own theories. In his case his views were far from atheistic. However, they display an openness to eastern thoughts forms similar to those common in Buddhist and Hindu thought. In these ways it foreshadowed so-called New Age counseling methods. For every action there is an opposite reaction. The emphasis on reason and objectivity that emerged from the Enlightenment found a formidable challenge in the writings of Soren Kierkegaard in the 1800s. Widely regarded as the father of existentialism, the Dutch thinker emphasized the roles of subjective answers and of human freedom in discovering one’s meaning in life. His views were later given a nihilistic

Is increasing knowledge making life more worrying and uncertain in Essay

Is increasing knowledge making life more worrying and uncertain in contemporary society - Essay Example While knowledge has always existed, in the traditional society it was established knowledge. Knowledge society on the other hand refers to the change in knowledge in different fields like political, economical, social and cultural life. Knowledge is essential for every activity in life be it in the form of sophisticated academic knowledge in the form of text books like medical science to common sense like how to look after ourselves and our children. The speed at which knowledge is produced and disseminated across the globe has been the root cause of the change taking place in the society. Knowledge in the contemporary society takes different forms and it is created and disseminated through multiple sites. To conduct their daily lives, people seek knowledge on health, jobs and relationships. There are numerous advisers and counselors available apart from the myriad of information available on the internet. Experts are known by different high-sounding names like therapists and planners. Even in spiritualism and healthcare there is virtually knowledge explosion. In the field of technology, enormous changes in people’s lives can be seen. The personal computer externally looks the same and is made of the same metals that it was same say 5 years ago but is much more powerful. The input of human intelligence added to it ahs rendered it powerful. Technology is used to reduce costs in manufacturing sector, in marketing and distribution. Technology has led foreign firms to outsource their back-office operations to distant lands like India. Local firms now have global networks. Communication technologies have rendered distant and size of corporations insignificant. Economic changes have brought about changes in consumption pattern, increased purchasing power in the hands of the people and the markets have become consumer-driven. Despite all these changes and advancements, knowledge society has created a risk society which is associated with the growth of the

Mahatma Gandhi Worldview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mahatma Gandhi Worldview - Essay Example This paper, therefore, compares and contrasts Gandhi’s worldview about the nature of God, social issues and family with my own experience and worldview in the same. Gandhi became a role model to many people through his faith, in truth and justice, for all humankind. His faith, in religion, made him love those who opposed his ideals to bring about peace with non-violence (Damm, January 2011). His teachings on religion were transparent as most of it can be attested to those of the Bible despite his focusing on meekness and humility, which is rather a rare case for any society. Gandhi emphasize on making peace† an eye for an eye would cost us all our eyes† as he stated (Damm, January 2011), but through my worldview, I feel that conflict is brought about by self-interest, proving the point that there exist no ideal human society where everyone thinks and acts the same level for each other. According to Gandhi, people should take the responsibility to care about the poo r, and not refuse to take part, in oppressive practices, but also to fight domination whenever we see it (Damm, January 2011). Gandhi was a moral path of action since he believed in national independence, political and economic freedom of individuals and self-rule. Gandhi tries to explain the nature of God, in the human soul or life, and how God and man relate to explain the nature of God and family experiences. For instance, he believes that human suffering can be explained through assessing their relationships with God. He also believed that one should serve humanity, especially the poor and the downtrodden (Jahanbegloo, 1996). In this context, I agree with Gandhi that we should always care about the poor, in the society, just as nurses do. As an atheist, I strongly believe that humankind do not have any relationship with God. Therefore, it is every person’s duty to take care of one another, including the poor, without perceiving that their suffering is linked to some super natural being. Gandhi also shows how God should be intellectualized and linked with one dense theory of man. It is the basic contention of the present research endeavor that Gandhi’s greatest political ideas were like echo, and their reflections were simple and characterized by western positioning, which fail to some extent to escalate the true essence of Gandhi’s political ideas (Jahanbegloo, 1996). His ideas are firmly rooted, in the traditions, but are so modern in the spirit. According to my perception, Gandhi is not a meager theorist, but he an applied experimentalist, who tried to apply his ideas in the political arena. I also feel that those regarding Gandhi as their role models are those people who strongly believe in some supernatural power. This is because Gandhi’s greatness lies not only in his saintly and holy living, but also in his epic brawls and actions (Jahanbegloo, 1996). The success of every step of his struggle was attributed to God. In most cases, politicians and atheists, like I, are not generally reputed to take religion and God seriously, for the values, to which they are committed such as the political control of one individual or another, the economic exploitation and economic liberty of the poorer and weaker human being. These values are clearly incompatible with the value of religion that the latter could not be taken too seriously or

Scrotal PNET in an Adult Patient

Scrotal PNET in an Adult Patient TITLE: Scrotal PNET in an Adult Patient: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation. AUTHORS: M ª Gabriela Tirapu-de-Sagrario, Sandra Baleato-Gonzà ¡lez, Elena Pintos-Martà ­nez and Roberto Garcà ­a-Figueiras KEY WORDS: Neuroectodermal Tumors, Scrotum, Sarcoma, Groin, Inguinal Canal INTRODUCTION We report a, histologically confirmed, rare case of a peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (pPNET) originating from the scrotal sac in an adult patient. This report emphasizes the important role of pathology examination to reach final diagnosis on the basis of immunohistochemistry and electronic microscopy findings. Outcome depends upon the localization and staging of the tumour, age of the patient, histologic classification, extent of surgical resection and time to treatment. CASE REPORT An 84-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with an inguinoscrotal, irreducible, painless mass with a hard consistency, which had progressed over the last six months. There was no presence of urinary or intestinal symptoms. Alpha-Fetoprotein, beta-HCG and LDH values were found to be normal. The patient was subsequently referred to the Urology Departament and he underwent a pelvic MRI. It confirmed a 12x11x19 cm solid mass, which demonstrated central areas of necrosis and subtle amounts of haemorrhage (Figure 1). This mass demonstrated marked and heterogeneous enhancement after intravenous gadolinium administration as well as evidence of internal vascular flow. Both testes showed a normal morphology and signal on T2-weighted sequences (Figure 1). Surgical excision was performed by the Urology Service and they reported that the spermatic cord, femoral vessels and testes were displaced but not infiltrated by the mass (Figure 2A). Despite the fact that a sarcoma was the suggested dia gnosis on imaging, this case exhibited microscopic pathology features of a rare pPNET tumor in an unexpected location. The presence of neurosecretory granules in the electron microscopy (Figure 3) and the EWS-FLI1 traslocation confirmed the diagnosis. DISCUSSION pPNET is an uncommon tumor that belongs to the Ewing’s Sarcoma family of tumors (1-4). It is an aggressive neoplasm, with large size at presentation, which metastasizes rapidly and predominantly affects children and adolescents (1,3,5).The most common locations are: the chest wall, paraspinal area in the chest, abdomen and pelvis (7,8). Ellinger J, et al (1), performed a MEDLINE search identifying renal, bladder, prostate, ureter and seminal cord PNETs, Hari S et al (3) and Kim MS et al (9) also described kidney and retroperitoneum cases and even an uterus case was described by Peres E et al (10) but, to our knowledge, this is the first pPNET case which originated in the scrotal sac, independent of any organ. This tumor is extremely rare in adults and the clinical findings (large painful mass) do not help to distinguish a benign from a malignant tumor (11). At the presentation most of them grow as scrotal masses rather than inguinal masses because they usually originate just b elow the external inguinal ring (12). PNET tumor shows no specific imaging features, but radiological studies are useful to rule out other possible etiologies, to define the location of the tumor and its morphological characteristics as well as its distance extension (1,3,4). In order to diagnose PNET, and differentiate it from other tumors of the Ewing family, we need to demonstrate the expression of some neural markers on the inmunohistochemical stains, including neurofilament, NSE, Leu-7, vimentin, S-100, CD-56, chromogranin and synaptophysin (2). A definitive finding is the EWS-FLI1 traslocation and the presence of neurosecretory granules in electron microscopy (7,8). In conclusion, we present a histologically confirmed case of an extratesticular peripheral scrotal PNET, which possibly originated from a remnant of neuroectodermic cells of the neural crest. In a case like this one, with a huge genital mass, ultrasound and MRI are very useful modalities to assess the location of the mass, its dependency on any other organ and the tumoral internal structure. These will help us to suggest a possible differential diagnosis however the definitive diagnosis requires histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. REFERENCES Ellinger J, Bastian PJ, Hauser S, et al. Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor: Rare, highly aggressive differential diagnosis in Urologic Malignancies. J Urol 2006; 68(2):257-262 Gurung P,Attar K andPeters J. Primitive neuroectodermal tumorof thespermatic cord. Int J Urol.2010 Jul;17(7):679-80. Hari S,Jain TP,Thulkar S, et al. Imagingfeaturesofperipheral primitive neuroectodermal tumours. Br J Radiol.2008 Dec;81(972):975-83. Javery O,Krajewski K,ORegan K,el al. A to Z of extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma family of tumors in adults: imaging features of primary disease, metastatic patterns, and treatment responses. AJR Am J Roentgenol.2011 Dec;197(6):W1015-22. Ibarburen C, Haberman JJ, Zerhouni EA. Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors. CT and MRI evaluation. Eur J Radiol. 1996 Feb;21(3):225-32. Fontaine C,Schots R,Braeckman J, et al. Long-term survival in an adult metastatic renal peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PPNET) with multimodality treatment including high-dose chemotherapy. Ann Oncol.1997 Jul;8(7):691-4. Khong P.L, Chan G.C.F, Shek T.W.H, et al. Imaging of Peripheral PNET: Common and uncommon locations. Clinical Radiology. 2002;57:272-277 Hoffer FA, Gianturco LE, Fletcher JA, et al. Percutaneous Biopsy of Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors and Ewing’s Sarcomas for Cytogenetic Analysis. AJR. 1994;162:1141-1142 Kim MS, Kim B, Park CS, et al. Radiologic Findings of Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor Arising in the Retroperitoneum. AJR. 2006; 186:1125-1132. Peres E, Mattoo TK, Poulik J, et al. Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET) of the Uterus in a Renal Allograft Patient: A Case Report. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005;44:283-285. Lioe TF and Biggart JD. Tumours of the Spermatic Cord and Paratesticular Tissue. A Clinicopathological Study. British Journal of Urology. 1993; 71:600-606 Rodrà ­guez D and Olumi AF. Management of spermatic cord tumors: a rare urologic malignancy. Ther Av Urol. 2012: 4(6): 325-334 FIGURE LEGENDS Figure 1 A) Axial T2 TSE shows a large heterogenous inguinoscrotal mass that displaces the penis (void arrows) but apparently not infiltrates it. B) Axial T1 after intravenous contrast Maximum relative enhancement. It shows central hypoperfusion (black arrows), which is hyperintense on T2 sequences, probably due to necrosis or hemorrhage, and a solid hypervascularized periphery (white arrows). Figure 2 A) Surgical photograph shows the spermatic cord (white arrows), which is displaced but not affected by the large mass. B) A long axis section of the mass. Its observed an heterogenous tumor of mottled appearance with partially embossed, clear brownish areas, which are the solid ones (black asterisks). It also has extensive necrotic and hemorrhagic component (white asterisks). Figure 3 Electronic Microscopy. The presence of neuroendocrine granules (white circles) of various sizes (from 80 to 120 nm) in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells is confirmed. This finding demonstrates the neuroendocrine differentiation of the neuroectodermal tumor.

Jim Henson: The Mind Behind the Muppets :: Puppetry The Muppets Jim Henson Essays

Jim Henson: The Mind Behind the Muppets "Sure, Jim the creator was a genius. Yet I see Jim foremost as an appreciator. He appreciated the Muppet family and his own family. He appreciated flying kites with his children. He appreciated beauty and he appreciated fun." -Frank Oz (Readers Digest, 126) There is no doubt in Frank Oz's mind that Jim Henson was a creative genius. According to the model of creativity proposed by Howard Gardner, Henson can be considered creative in five of the seven intelligences: interpersonal, spatial, music, verbal, kinesthetic. He became a master at combining these intelligences to create Muppet productions full of wit, music, sight gags, bright colors, and meaningful messages. He also had the ability to coordinate all of the people who worked with him. Before, discussing how Henson's life fits into Gardner's model, I will present some influential events in Henson's life and his major creative works. James Maury Henson was born September 2, 1936 in Leland, Mississippi as the second son in the Henson family. During his childhood, Jim's maternal grandmother, a prolific painter and master of needlework, encouraged Henson to appreciate imagination, visual imagery, and creativity. She was a steady emotional support for him, constantly listening to his adventures and dreams. When Jim was fourteen, his parents finally acquiesced and bought a television set, after years of badgering from Jim. He always knew that he wanted to work in television; watching Burr Tillstrom, Bil Baird, Ernie Kovac, Spike Jones, and Walt Kelly influenced him greatly during his adolescence. In 1954, while Jim was still in high school, he began working for WTOP television station doing puppet performances on the "Junior Good Morning Show". "It was interesting and kind of fun to do -- but I wasn't really interested in puppetry then. It was just a means to an end," Henson later recalled about his first job (Finch, 9). At the University of Maryland, he studied art and continued doing puppetry for TV with a fellow student, Jane Nebel, whom he later married. Their show, "Sam and Friends", debuted as a five minute piece aired twice a day, right before the Huntley-Brinkley Report and the Tonight Show. Jane recollected, "We were just college students amusing ourselves, and we did all these wild things with puppets...I guess it had a quality of abandon and nonsense and of being somewhat experimental." (Finch, 15) Their show became very popular, partly because of its widely-viewed time slots, and it won a local Emmy in 1958.