Testing And Treatment Of Hiv 1 - 2811 Words

RESULTS: A wide variety of articles were reviewed that adopted a number of different study designs for their research. A number of different experiments were also looked at which demonstrated how resistances to certain HIV-1 anti-retrovirals are arising. As presented in the appendix, this specific section will evaluate the results from many randomized control trials (RCTs), case control studies, prospective cohort studies with and without controls, retrospective cohort studies with and without controls and cross-sectional studies. HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: HIV-1 integrase is one of the key enzymes required for the successful replication of HIV-1 and is often a common therapeutic target to help treat HIV-1 infections. Integrase is a†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"They looked at multiple coding sequences of the HIV-1 integrase enzyme form blood plasma samples of 61 patients. They categorized the main integrase region sequences as subtype B, with minor subtypes being C (CRF01-AE, CRF02-AG and CRF13-cpx), D and G. No major integrase drug resistance mutations have been observed in new patients beginning with integrase inhibitor treatment, however in 30 cases, polymorphic variations with the E157Q mutation were observed. This mutation was more common among subtype B (26 cases) than with non-B subtypes (5 cases). Major integrase inhibitor drug resistance mutations (G140S, Q148H, N155H, V151I, E92EQ, V151I, G163R) were notable in four of these cases. Time to the development of drug resistance ranged from 3 to 16 months with a mean increa se of HIV viral load of 4.34 HIV-RNA copies/ml at the time of emergence of the major mutations.† (11) Figure 1 demonstrates four cases in which resistance to integrase inhibitors were observed. In a study conducted by Piralla et al., HIV-1 integrase variability was analyzed using stored plasma samples from 95 patients infected with HIV-1, within a one year period from 2008 to 2009. Patients with no available plasma samples or viral load less than 1,000 HIV-RNA copies/ml plasma were excluded from the analysis. Their results demonstrate that primary mutations associated with resistance to integrase inhibitors were not detected in patients that have previously been treated with integrase

Steve Jobs Led A Revolution - 1544 Words

Steve Jobs led a revolution not only in technology, but in the history of the world, and the determination of the future as well. When Jobs was in his garage with Steve Wozniak about to create the first Apple computer, they had no idea that they would later own one of the biggest and wealthiest companies in the world, and also revolutionize technology and set a precedent for future technology innovators such as themselves. The Apple I, which was Apple s first product, was sold as an assembled circuit board and lacked the basic features that all Apple products have today such as a keyboard, monitor, and case. The Apple I was first introduced to the public at The Homebrew Computer Club. Half of all U.S. households own at least one Apple product, according to CNBC’s All-America Economic survey. Jobs later became known as a â€Å"master of innovation† because of his strong innovations in technology. Without him, the world would be much farther behind than it currently is. W hen the Apple I entered the public market in July of 1976, a new chapter of the world began. The legacy that Jobs left will remain growing and never end. The revolution and empire that Jobs created was incredible. Jobs was kicked from Apple in the early years do to infighting of the company. Steve them founded team Macintosh, while Wozniak was the leader of team Lisa, both in a head to head race of who will create the first computer. While team Lisa made it to the finish line first, sales of the Apple Lisa wereShow MoreRelatedPublic Speaking Outline - Steve Jobs1336 Words   |  6 Pageswatching Netflix. It’s hard to deny the influence and impact that Steve Jobs has had on modern culture. B. Reason to Listen: My name is Eduardo Salazar and like many of you I too can’t live without technology and though my personal devices haven’t always been Apple products. More often than not if the device I was using wasn’t an apple product it was inspired by an apple device. C. 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Childrens Crying Patterns Clinical Assessment Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(184) " group 3 patient with occlusal dentinal cavities with moderate deepnesss were selected for category I cavity readying with air rotor and the call was recorded during the pit readying\." Abstraction: Materials and Methods: Children in the age group 4-9 old ages were divided into Group1: ( 40 kids ) and Group 2: ( 60 kids ) and their calls were recorded utilizing a picture camera. Different calls analyzed were frightened, hurting, obstinate, manipulative and boredom call on the footing of their description in the literature. Group I was subjected to detailed clinical scrutiny and Group II to assorted dental processs. We will write a custom essay sample on Childrens Crying Patterns Clinical Assessment Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequences: The most normally observed call was pain call. Pain call was largely associated with dento-alveolar abscess. With regard to dental processs, pain call was normally associated with usage of inject able AIDSs, frightened call and compensatory call with the usage of alveolar consonant drill. Decision: Cries could be agencies of communicating and plus in clinical diagnosing. Cardinal words: hurting call, frightened call, compensatory call, stubborn call, ennui call, manipulative call. Introduction: – Since birth, the babes have a communicative purpose and the call is the chief manner they use to show their demands and feelings to their health professionals ( 6 ) . Harmonizing to Adler the first call represents an â€Å" overpowering sense of lower status at therefore all of a sudden being confronted by world without of all time holding had to cover with its jobs. â€Å" ( 1 ) this feeling at least serves a utile map in air outing lungs. Another psychologist wrote that shouting at birth represents the baby ‘s loss of Eden ( 2 ) . Shouting, like other emotional manifestations of human behaviour is an look of personality of an person. Crying is apt to be the consequence of struggle with the developing self-importance and with his freshly found involvements. Many cryings are the consequence of injuring kid ‘s pride. After the age of one and a half kid develops a assortment of frights and calls for the security of his female parent ‘s company. In the instance of a younger kid, the frequence of shouting depends on his personality. Excessive weeping is about ever due to mismanagement, in the signifier of failure to give the kid the love and the security which he needs and failure to let him to larn independency and pattern his freshly found accomplishments. It is increased by changeless interference-by perfectionism, inordinate subject, domination and efforts to ‘train him before he is really ready ( 3 ) . It is increased by insecurity, whatever the cause. It is increased by crossness and wearines s. Factors which govern the sum of shouting include the female parent ‘s personality and her reactivity to his demands and kid ‘s personality and his finding to command his environment. Treating a weeping kid is one of the most nerve-racking state of affairss encountered in dental medicine. Previous plants have demonstrated that using signal processing techniques to analyse the sound of these calls, its possible determinate which features carry information about the context that evoked the call ( 4 ) . Since kids exhibit diverseness of behaviours, it is of import that tooth doctors have a broad scope of behavior direction methods to run into the demands of the single kid ( 5 ) . For that purpose a diagnosing is needed. Since weeping is a manner of look of the personality traits, the weeping should be used as an plus in diagnosing. Following types of calls are normally encountered in the dental office. Pain call: This call begins all of a sudden nonstop and unmanageable and is high-pitched and shrill. The call is loud and long Frightened call: This call is characterized by a crisp shrilled highly high pitched call followed by little breath catching shortness of breath followed by a crisp shrilled highly high pitched call Obstinate call: it is loud high pitched amp ; characterized as a Siren like lament, a intermission and repeated over and over once more. This forms a combatant call, represents the child external response to anxiety.child throws a pique fit to queer dental intervention. Compensatory call: Slow humdrum call, the shouting serves to â€Å" counterbalance † for the noise.its sort of get bying mechanism to unpleasant stimulations. Manipulative call: a characteristic characteristic of kids, they cry for understanding and acquire off by shouting and whining. Boredom call: a call that is fretful and whimpering ; sometimes it about sounds like a moanThis call Michigans suddenly when the intervention Michigans. In a dental clinic a kid may non merely cry out of fright, but out of true hurting, anxiousness or he may shout merely to acquire off with the intervention, in this survey we evaluated the call of the kid patients and carbon monoxide related it to their clinical diagnosing and the usage of dental instruments. Materials and methods: This survey was planned in the section of Pedodontics and preventative dental medicine. The survey was carried out in two parts in two groups of kids. Children under both the groups were in the age group of 5 to 9 old ages. Group I included 40 kids with no old dental experience and were selected from the patients who came for their first dental visit. For the group II 60 kids were selected and divided into six sub groups of 10 each.children of this group were selected based on their intervention demands and divided into bomber groups which were based on processs undertaken, viz. injection of local anaesthesia, usage of alveolar consonant drill, crisp instruments, root canal instruments, doing of I.O.P.A and drawn-out assignments. Consent was obtained from patient ‘s parents or defender of both the groups, along with brief medical and dental history of the patient. GROUP I: -Thorough clinical scrutiny was done and the diagnosing was made.patients call was recorded during the scrutiny and was so co-related to the diagnosing obtained. GROUP II: -for the bomber group 1, kids necessitating either extraction or endodontic intervention of lower primary molar/s were injected inferior alveolar block and the call was recorded during disposal. For the bomber group 2 call was recorded during the mush ablation and filing of the root canals of deciduous grinders. For the bomber group 3 patient with occlusal dentinal cavities with moderate deepnesss were selected for category I cavity readying with air rotor and the call was recorded during the pit readying. You read "Childrens Crying Patterns Clinical Assessment Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" for the bomber group 4 call was recorded during the usage of crisp instruments like excavators during cavities digging, usage of forceps during extraction and the usage of scalers during unwritten prophylaxis.sub group 5 included patients necessitating preoperative diagnostic I.O.P.A for posterior dentitions and the call was recorded during the exposure.sub g roup 6 included the process of anterior composite rosin Restoration ( no tooth readying ) of at least 2-4 dentitions carried out in individual assignment which lasted for minimal 1 hour.cry was recorded during the assignment. Each call recorded with audio ocular camera.cry was evaluated and classified into any of the six types mentioned antecedently, by an expert. Consequences GROUP I: – Postpone A ) Type of call N ( % ) Pain call 17 ( 45.0 % ) Frightened call 15 ( 37.5 % ) Obstinate call 06 ( 15.0 % ) Compensatory call 00 ( 0.0 % ) Manipulative call 00 ( 0.0 % ) Boredom call 02 ( 2.5 % ) entire 40 ( 100 % ) Table B ) call cavities Chronic pulpitis Dento-alveolar abscess Periapical abscess Traumatic hurt Apical periodontal disease others Everyday check-up entire hurting 3 4 5 3 – 2 – – 17 frightened 3 3 2 1 1 – 1 4 15 obstinate 2 2 – – – – 1 1 06 compensatory – – – – – – – – 00 manipulative – – – – – – – – 00 ennui 2 – – – – – – – 02 entire 10 09 07 04 01 02 02 05 40 GROUP II Postpone A ) call injections Endodontic instruments Dental drill Crisp instruments Drawn-out assignments radiogram Sum ; hurting 3 3 2 4 1 3 16 frightened 6 3 3 2 – 5 19 obstinate 1 1 2 – 1 2 07 compensatory – – 3 1 2 – 06 manipulative – 2 – 1 3 – 06 ennui – 1 – 2 3 – 06 entire 10 10 10 10 10 10 60 GROUP I Postpone A ) : -out of 40 kids examined most often recorded call was pain call ( 45 % ) , followed by scared call, stubborn call and ennui cry.manipulative and compensatory call was non observed during initial scrutiny. Table B ) : -out of 40 kids examined, 10 kids were enduring from dental caries.most normally observed call in relation to dental cavities was hurting and frightened ( three kids each ) .nine kids were diagnosed with chronic irreversible pulpitis with the head complain tooth.this pathosis was most normally associated with hurting call ( four kids ) .dentoalveolar abscess was diagnosed in seven kids out of forty.majority of these kids ( five ) had pain cry.four kids were diagnosed with periapical abscess and out of them three kids had hurting cry.one kid with traumatic hurt had frightened cry.two instances of apical periodontal disease were diagnosed and both of them were related to trouble cry.other alveolar consonant jobs were associated with scared and stubborn cry.routine dental cheque ups were largely associated with scared call. GROUP II Table B ) : -out of 60 kids examined most normally observed call was frightened call, followed by hurting cry.out of 10 kids subjected to injections, bulk ( six kids ) cried out of fear.out of 10 kids subjected to endodontic instrumentality, most of the kids cried out of fright and hurting ( three each ) , in the group of 10 subjected to utilize of alveolar consonant drill compensatory and frightened call was observed upper limit ( three each ) .hand instrumentality was largely associated with hurting cry.lengthy assignments was largely associated with ennui and manipulative call. Discussion: – The most normally ascertained call during the initial scrutiny was hurting or ache call accounting for 45 % .this was expected because most of the patients were brought to the section with the main complain of hurting. Following normally observed call was frightened call. Studies suggest a multifactorial etiology of dental fright and anxiousness ( 7 ) . Associated factors are related to a kid ‘s fear temperament, negative emotions, hurting sensitiveness, and get bying manner, with the later being related to parental attitudes, negative information, and painful experiences ( 8,9 ) .although we selected patients with no old dental experience, yet parent ‘s old dental experience was non taken into history. Obstinate call was characteristically observed in kids exhibiting pique fits. Temper fits were normally observed in active, determined kids with abundant energy and non in placid, easy-going chidren.in kernel fits represent the clang of the kid ‘s developing personal ity with the will of his parents. His increasing desire to demo his powers, to derive attending and to hold his ain manner gets him into problem, peculiarly when his parents are perfectionists and of tyrannizing type ( 10 ) . Boredom call was the consequence of long waiting period patient had to face before the initial scrutiny because of the inaccessibility of the physician. With regard to the diagnosing, dental abscess was most normally associated with hurting call. Because of the age group selected that is 4-9 year, most of the abscesses encountered were dento-alveolar abscesses associated with deciduous grinders. Out of 40 kids examined we encountered merely 4 periapical abscess, out of which 3 were associated with hurting call. Thus writer feels that periapical abscess excessively is every bit strongly associated with hurting call. Dental cavities and its association with call is variable, scared and pain call were every bit related to cavities every bit Wellss as obstinate call was besides recorded in the patient enduring from the dental caries.Pain is natural in deep cavities nearing mush. Reason for the fright in the kid with the dental cavities is chiefly because of the invasive intervention that would be undertaken for the remedy of the caries.Obstinate call could be due to feeling of insecurity where the kid considers the dental visit as a pena lty instead than a need.cry in a kid who had Ellis category II break was evaluated as scared call. Breath catching shortness of breath, the feature of scared call are seen n he kids when they experience pain as from a autumn or knock or fright. Apical periodontal disease was associated with hurting call as the hurting was produced on even on soft tapping of the dentitions with instrument handle.cry related to routine look into up and every bit good as other jobs like enamel stains ‘ and hypoplasia, orthodontic malalignment and malocclusions were chiefly of scared type. This could be attributed to dental phobia.one patient who had come for everyday alveolar consonant look into up exhibited obstinate call and threw temper fits. The kid was accompanied by female parent who was over protective and over indulgent sort. Often the inordinate intervention with the kid ‘s normal chases by the parent ( female parent ) because of perfectionism is met by rebellion. Temper fit is the best defence reaction against such a repression. A barbarous circle is set up, the opposition being met with more repression and the repression by more opposition ( 11,12 ) . Another kid with minor crowding in anterior dentitions exhibited obstinate call which could be attributed to personality trait. Most normally ascertained call in kids enduring from chronic pulpitis was hurting call followed by scared call and obstinate call severally. Dull longstanding hurting is frequently associated with chronic pulpitis which is exaggerated on examining for the deepness of the lesion. Fear once more could be attributed to dental phobic disorder or the fright of the invasive intervention that would be coming up. With regard to the usage of dental instruments, injection of local anaesthesia was most normally associated with scared call. Based on invasiveness of the intervention, processs can be ranged and the strongest frights are caused due to injection, followed by the drill and the remotion of the concretion. ( 13 ) hurting call was besides observed during injections. Pain is natural when acerate leaf penetrates the mucous membrane ( 14 ) .obstinate call during the injection could be because, the kid considers injection as a penalty to him. Use of endodontic instruments viz. barbed broochs for ablation of the mush, followed by K files for canal expansion, was normally associated with scared and pain call. Pain was felt even after the disposal of local anaesthesia in some instances, in such instances intra pulpal anaesthesia was given after entering of the call. Fear was attributed to the sight of broochs and files as they resemble to little acerate leafs. Boredom call was besides associate d in some instances with the usage of endodontic instruments because it was a drawn-out process. Dental drill is one of the most normally feared objects and hence it was normally associated with scared call. Another call normally associated with the usage of alveolar consonant drill was compensatory call. This could be attributed to annoyed kids ‘s effort to get the better of the noise and the pandemonium. Pain during boring could be attributed to dentinal sensitiveness and hence it produced hurting call ( 15 ) .cry recorded during usage of crisp instruments viz. scalers, forceps and excavators was largely related to trouble followed by fright. Most of the kids were scared of forceps and objected its usage.hand digging was more normally associated with hurting call and in some instances, although there was no hurting, but yet the process was clip devouring so the kids got fatigued and this resulted in ennui and manipulative call. Compensatory call during this process could bes ides be attributed to the kid ‘s effort to get the better of the unpleasant, clip devouring dental state of affairs. Anterior Restorations were largely related to manipulative and boredom calls because this process was clip consuming, doing the kids tired, fatigued and ungratified. Pain during this process observed in one instance could be reasoned as jaw hurting since the kid had to maintain oral cavity unfastened for a long period. Frightened and stubborn call was less ascertained may be because kids were already conditioned since cavities digging was already completed and they knew that â€Å" now teeth were merely to be filled! â€Å" While doing radiograms, most normally observed call was frightened call as kids were dying about the full exposure unit, particularly the cone. Pain call could be attributed to discomfort during the arrangement of films.obstinate call is more related to personality trait of the kid. 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Happee Uai Essay Example For Students

Happee Uai Essay A UAI Study on Colgate Toothpaste Submitted by: Coyiuto, Rosalina De Leon, Jhoanna Andrea E. Sy, Dana Iriza K. Uy, Dana Clarisse Yu, Shereene Submitted to: Mr. B. Encarnacion April 6, 2010 I. Background Happee Toothpaste is manufactured by a Filipino company, Lamoiyan Corporation. Lamoiyan specializes in oral care products such as Happee and Kutitap toothpaste and house care products like Daze. The owner of Lamoiyan, Dr. Celio Kwok Pedro used to own a company called Dr. Pedro’s Aluminum Containers, Inc. This company stood as a major supplier of aluminum collapsible toothpaste tubes to companies like Colgate-Palmolive and Procter and Gamble. Although in 1985, these companies started using plastic laminated tubes causing Dr. Pedro to close down the factory. He eventually realized that the equipment in the factory can still be used if he makes his very own toothpaste brand. He was able to penetrate into the toothpaste market two years later as he reopened the factory and named it Lamoiyan Corporation. Lamoiyan’s product Happee now have a variety of products that will cater to the consumer’s needs and tastes including – Happee Fresh Cool White, Happee Explosive Menthol Red, Happee Fresh Green Outburst, Happee Outrageous Orange Blast, Happee Complete Plus Whitening, Happee Tweens Sachet, Happee Kiddie Toothgel, Happee Night Mint, Happee Extreme Clean. Every toothgels has maximum fluoride protection that will fight tooth decay, strengthens teeth and freshens breath. There can be several pricing strategies that can help the company in improving its profits. Some of these include list price, competitive pricing, cost plus mark-up, close out, membership or trade discounting, and bundling and quantity discounts. Happee uses the strategy of competitive pricing in which, they use the competitors’ retail or wholesale prices as a benchmark in making their own prices. The prices they make can be below, above or the same as some brands depending on their positions in the market. For example, Happee and Beam have the same price which is 56. 75 in their 150mL green toothgel toothpaste while Colgate’s price for the same size is 67. 5 Php Table 1 – Different Brands and Prices of a 150ml Toothpaste |Toothpaste Brand |Price | |Hapee Fresh Green Outburst |Php 56. 75 | |Beam Sparkling Green |Php 56. 75 | |Colgate Green Menthol |Php 67. 75 | |Newtex |Php 27. 25 | |Charmee |Php 21. 5 | |Those Days |Php 13. 25 | |Sisters |Php 23. 25 | |My Best Friend |Php 15. 75 | Source: Robinson’s Place Manila Lamoiyan distributes its products well by passing it on to agents (middlemen between manufacturers and wholesalers/distributors), wholesalers, distributors, retailers, or even directly to the consumers. The product then moves from the distributors and wholesalers to the retailers, which include groceries, drugstores, department stores, convenience stores and some sari-sari stores. These are very important steps to make sure that the all consumers will be in the reach of the product. In groceries, Happee is usually placed in the personal care section together with all the other products in the same category. Happee has several advertising methods that include magazine and newspaper prints, television and radio advertisements. It is currently being endorsed by actress/singer Lea Salonga, best known for her musical role in Miss Saigon. Another endorser is the famous singer and actress Sarah Geronimo whose rise to fame started from winning the Star for the Night competition back in 2002. Other sales promotion methods include handing out samples, sponsoring events, having twin sachets, popular cartoon characters on the boxes and bundling together with other personal care products. Promotions are used in terms of product awareness so the consumers are exposed to TV commercials, radio advertisements, billboards and the like. There are many brands of toothpaste in the market and these methods are very important for the company to gain user preference and more consumers. Physical Fitness (557 words) EssayAlso, because of the advertisements that are constantly being promoted in televisions, newspapers, radios, magazines and other ads, people have already implanted in their minds that toothpaste is there to prevent us from having bad breath and cavities. Type of Toothpaste being Used | |Type of Toothpaste Used | |For Whitening |47 | |For Fresh Breath |54 | |For Sensitive Teeth |14 | |For Cavity Protection |39 | |Others |2 | Place of Distribution Brand |Last Bought |Bought most often | |supermarket |66 |57 | |drugstore |5 |8 | |convenience store |8 |11 | |department store |5 |1 | |sari-sari store |16 |24 | Supermarkets acquired the most number of people where they buy their toothpaste. We cannot hide the fact that a lot of supermarkets are built around the Metro that is why most service workers just go there to buy their basic necessities. From the area we have surveyed, a lot of supermarkets are present in their area for their convenience. Some of t hese are Savemore, Puregold, SM Supermarkets and even Landmark. Other Products bought with Toothpaste Mouthwash |24% | |Toothbrush |72% | |Shampoo |5% | |Soap |10% | |Lotion |1% | |Floss |4% | Based from the tabulated results, most service workers do not often buy other products along with toothpaste besides the basic one—toothbrush. It might be because they do not have the excess amount of money with them to buy other products other than the toothbrush. Mouthwash garnered 21%, which means that people are still concern in killing those bacteria they might have gotten. Other toiletries such as shampoo, soap and lotion are sometimes bought with toothpaste because they can be found near the place where oral care products can be bought. Other Toothpaste Users |Father |45 | |Mother |57 | |Sister |70 | | Brother |64 | |Roomate |2 | |Wife |1 | |Others |41 | Preferred Product Attributes |Good Quality |40 | |Cheap |54 | |Gives Fresh Breath |17 | |Prevents Cavities |13 | Protects gums and teeth |9 | |Whitens teeth |8 | |Appealing Flavors |10 | Since the category we have surveyed are purely household helpers, price would be always considered first. Since they do not earn that large enough of money, they would always take in to consideration the price first (if they can afford it or not). Next would be the good quality of the product. To have loyal customers for your product, the company must always provide good qualities from their product. PROFILE POSITIONING ANAYLSIS TREE N. O. S MARKET SEGMENTS CONCLUSION IMPLICATION RECOMMENDATION