Unemployment: Keynesian Ideas and Fiscal Policy Essay -- Economics, Un

Fiscal policy, as we know it today, is meant to mitigate unemployment and stabilize the economy through aggregate demand. Despite dismal unemployment numbers, politicians and policy-makers continue to use and be optimistic about the effectiveness of fiscal policy in this regard. Policy as we have seen over the past five years has had dismal effect on the unemployment numbers we are seeing today. It seems we need a policy that will tackle lagging aggregate demand as well as the employment problems. A direct-job creation effort will work to create the differences in aggregate demand and effective demand creating equilibrium and filling the void that the current Keynesian fiscal policy leaves. Keynesian Ideas The origins of many ideas seen in fiscal policy come from John Maynard Keynes a revolutionary economist who tackled the idea of aggregated demand through Keynesian economics. Aggregate demand is the demand for gross domestic product or goods and services that the country has to offer. It is represented by the formula GDP=AD= C + I + GS+ X or (C) Consumption, (I) Investment, (GS) Government Spending, (X) Net exports. Fiscal policy in essence is using tactics such as government spending and tax cuts in order to affect the right side of this equation and increase aggregate demand. The general agreement across Keynesian theory is that boosting aggregate demand is the precise thing to do when facing an economy with lackluster growth and on the shores of recession. Leading up to most recessions there is a significant reduction in demand for goods and services offered in the country. This lower demand leads to inventory reductions, lower production levels, layoffs and increased unemployment. In order to stabilize the economy, th... ...y/jobless-rate-rose-to-73percent-during-government-shutdown-economy-added-204k-jobs/2013/11/08/f51fa1de-481f-11e3-b6f8-3782ff6cb769_story.html) National Economic Council. 2010, â€Å"Jobs and Economic Security For America’s Women.† October. Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/Jobs-and-Economic-Security-for-Americas-Women.pdf Plumer, Brad (2013). The U.S. labor force is still shrinking. Here’s why. Retreived from Tcherneva, P. 2011. â€Å"Permanent on-the-spot job creation—the missing Keynes Plan for full employment and economic transformation.† Review of Social Economics, forthcoming. Tcherneva, Paulina. 2011. â€Å"Fiscal Policy Effectiveness: Lessons from the Great Recession.† Levy Economics Institute of Bard College. Unemployment: Keynesian Ideas and Fiscal Policy Essay -- Economics, Un Fiscal policy, as we know it today, is meant to mitigate unemployment and stabilize the economy through aggregate demand. Despite dismal unemployment numbers, politicians and policy-makers continue to use and be optimistic about the effectiveness of fiscal policy in this regard. Policy as we have seen over the past five years has had dismal effect on the unemployment numbers we are seeing today. It seems we need a policy that will tackle lagging aggregate demand as well as the employment problems. A direct-job creation effort will work to create the differences in aggregate demand and effective demand creating equilibrium and filling the void that the current Keynesian fiscal policy leaves. Keynesian Ideas The origins of many ideas seen in fiscal policy come from John Maynard Keynes a revolutionary economist who tackled the idea of aggregated demand through Keynesian economics. Aggregate demand is the demand for gross domestic product or goods and services that the country has to offer. It is represented by the formula GDP=AD= C + I + GS+ X or (C) Consumption, (I) Investment, (GS) Government Spending, (X) Net exports. Fiscal policy in essence is using tactics such as government spending and tax cuts in order to affect the right side of this equation and increase aggregate demand. The general agreement across Keynesian theory is that boosting aggregate demand is the precise thing to do when facing an economy with lackluster growth and on the shores of recession. Leading up to most recessions there is a significant reduction in demand for goods and services offered in the country. This lower demand leads to inventory reductions, lower production levels, layoffs and increased unemployment. In order to stabilize the economy, th... ...y/jobless-rate-rose-to-73percent-during-government-shutdown-economy-added-204k-jobs/2013/11/08/f51fa1de-481f-11e3-b6f8-3782ff6cb769_story.html) National Economic Council. 2010, â€Å"Jobs and Economic Security For America’s Women.† October. Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/Jobs-and-Economic-Security-for-Americas-Women.pdf Plumer, Brad (2013). The U.S. labor force is still shrinking. Here’s why. Retreived from Tcherneva, P. 2011. â€Å"Permanent on-the-spot job creation—the missing Keynes Plan for full employment and economic transformation.† Review of Social Economics, forthcoming. Tcherneva, Paulina. 2011. â€Å"Fiscal Policy Effectiveness: Lessons from the Great Recession.† Levy Economics Institute of Bard College.

The Role of the Individual in Matthew Arnold’s “Culture and Anarchy”

The Role of the Individual in Matthew Arnold’s â€Å"Culture and Anarchy† Culture, as defined by Matthew Arnold in his essay â€Å"Culture and Anarchy,† is the drive to attain perfection through development and growth bolstered by knowledge and appreciation of the beauty of humanity. Granted, this is an oversimplification of Arnold’s complex musings on what culture is, but this broad concept of culture, here, is useful in the discussion of the role of the individual in society.Ideally, for Arnold, those that perpetuate this idea of culture are the same people who ought to comprise a kind of rational control within the State. Arnold works to define the three classes of 19th century England (Barbarians, Philistines, and Populace), and makes it clear, following his conditions for culture, that none of the classes have the appropriate means to govern properly. Arnold says, â€Å"It seeks to do away with classes; to make the best that has been thought and know n in the world current everywhere. Ostensibly, it is up to the individual to transcend their class, and nurture the State in a utilitarian fashion. However, the chasm between the maturation of the individual and the ultimate betterment of the community seems daunting. Arnold’s ideal culture originates with the individual, as it is â€Å"a study of perfection,† which is â€Å"an inward condition of the mind and spirit. † Yet, â€Å"Perfection, as culture conceives it, is not possible while the individual remains isolated,† because, it is necessary, in order to obtain a collective perfection, that there be a ready exchange of ideas and sense of commonality.How can the potential danger of isolation via individualism be curbed? Additionally, Arnold is aware that a weighty facet of individualism is that people are concerned with, and believe in, having their personal freedoms—the â€Å"right to do what [one] likes. † This assumption of personal f reedom can, according to Arnold, lead to anarchy. It looks, then, as if there must be a balance between the individual’s duty to himself, and duty to others.Indeed, Arnold contends, â€Å"the men of culture are the true apostles of equality,† at once extolling the potential of the individual, while maintaining the importance of a level society. However, these individuals cannot be ordinary, but must exemplify Arnold’s idea of the â€Å"best self,† or, the individual who is united, rather than at odds, with others. The people that can become their best self are â€Å"persons who are mainly led, not by their class spirit, but by a general humane spirit, by the love of human perfection. Here, the concept of the individual and the community can be reconciled, although the ability of one to completely transcend societal structures is idealistic. This idealism, for Arnold, is transferred to the art of his contemporaries. Regarding 19th century England, Arnold states, â€Å"Each section of the public has its own literary organ, and the mass of the public is without any suspicion that the value of these organs is relative to their being nearer a certain ideal centre of correct information, taste, and intelligence, or farther away from it. As Arnold depicts England’s current situation, it is clear that he believes that literature, like individuals—or as the product of individuals—should embody an ideal cultural universality. In looking at the literature of Victorian England, is it possible that there are any works, which would satisfy Arnold’s criteria for cultural harmony?

Apple Inc. Business Report - 1406 Words

Apple Inc. Business Report Apple Inc. is one of the largest U.S. corporations and a living legend of the computer world. This is a multinational corporation that designs consumer electronics, software, and personal computers on the market. Well-known hardware products include the best line of computers Macintosh, IPod, iPhone and IPad. It has a logo of bitten apple and associated brand name. The brand was officially registered by Steve Jobs and Steve Vozniak on April 1, 1976. The most promising gadgets from Apple developed under the leadership of Steve Jobs. The company introduced a very popular music player iPod, entered the market for mobile phones with touch smartphone iPhone,†¦show more content†¦Although any computer connected to the Internet will never be protected from viruses and spyware completely, Mac has a strong protection to ensure the safety of users. Safari is a web browser for Mac - will alert you in case of downloading the application, even if it is disguised as a harmless image or m ovie. For more than 20 years, Apple is working to minimize the impact of the company and its products on the environment. The first environmental policy, they have developed and issued in 1990, and since that time, they continue to work to improve the energy efficiency of the products, the elimination of toxic substances and the introduction of renewable energy sources in the company premises. In 2009 Apple was the first in the industry who undertook a comprehensive assessment of the amount of carbon dioxide emissions associated with the activities of the company, and published reports for each individual product. Thus, we gave the public the opportunity to evaluate our efforts and track the results. 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